2658-6649 2658-6657 Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture Science and Innovation Center Publishing House 10.12731/2658-6649-2025-17-5-1243 IQVEVQ https://discover-journal.ru/jour/index.php/sjlsa/article/view/1243 Экология, почвоведение и природопользование Ecology, Soil Science and Nature Management Evaluating the Habitat Conditions of Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers 1919 in Con Dao National Park, Vietnam Evaluating the Habitat Conditions of Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers 1919 in Con Dao National Park, Vietnam Hoang Thi Thu Trang Trangmim@gmail.com Pham Mai Phuong phamphuong911vh@gmail.com 0000-0003-1588-418X Pham Van Dien phamphuong911vh@gmail.com Nguyen Quoc Khanh quockhanhhydro@gmail.com Trinh Le Hung trinhlehung@lqdtu.edu.vn Vu Dinh Duy duydinhvu87@gmail.com 0000-0001-5677-6965 Vietnam National University of Forestry (Hanoi, Vietnam) Joint Vietnam – Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center (Hanoi, Vietnam) Le Quy Don Technical University (Hanoi, Vietnam) 30 11 2025 2025 17 5 166 184 20 12 2024 16 03 2025 16 03 2025 2025 T.T.T. Hoang, M.P. Pham, V.D. Pham, Q.K. Nguyen, L.H. Trinh, D.D. Vu CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://discover-journal.ru/jour/index.php/sjlsa/article/view/1243

Purpose. Con Dao is an archipelago located off the southern coast of Vietnam and is administratively part of Ba Ria – Vung Tau province. Socio-economic development and tourism expansion have exerted pressure on the local environment, increasing the risk of pollution from domestic wastewater and solid waste. Additionally, coastal erosion due to increasingly strong currents has reduced sediment deposition capacity, directly impacting the habitat of the critically endangered mangrove species Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers 1919. Materials and methods. This study analyzed soil samples from mangrove forests surrounding Hon Ba Island in Con Dao National Park to assess the risk of heavy metal pollution in the area. Additionally, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was applied to monitor and analyze changes in the mangrove shoreline at specific locations, providing an accurate assessment of environmental changes affecting the distribution of Bruguiera hainesii. Results. The research findings reveal that Bruguiera hainesii in Con Dao is influenced by various environmental factors. The low phosphorus (P2O5) levels in the soil may hinder tree growth, as phosphorus is a crucial nutrient for the mangrove ecosystem. Although the concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Zn remain within safe limits, potential environmental concerns persist. Notably, satellite imagery analysis conducted since 2016 using DSAS, which examined shoreline variations through 571 cross-sections, has provided essential insights into coastal dynamics, erosion patterns, and sediment deposition changes. The results highlight the significant impact of tidal waves, leading to accelerated coastal erosion and reduced sediment accumulation - an essential process for mangrove forest regeneration. These factors threaten the population size and long-term survival of B. hainesii, a species already classified as extremely rare in nature. Conclusion. The research findings provide essential scientific evidence for Ba Ria – Vung Tau province to develop effective sediment management strategies aimed at protecting and restoring mangrove ecosystems, particularly the habitat of Bruguiera hainesii.

 Keywords Bruguiera hainesii environmental factors erosion DSAS coastal dynamics This research was funded by the Basis project of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center as part of a project dedicated to conserving genetic resources for Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers 1919 in Vietnam, from 2023 to 2025 (Vietnamese: Nghiên cứu bảo tồn và phát triển nguồn gen loài Vẹt hainesii (Bruguiera hainesii C.G. Rogers) cực kỳ nguy cấp ở Vườn quốc gia Côn Đảo, Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu). We are grateful to the directorates of the Con Dao National park for their support of our fieldwork and for issuing relevant permits. We thank Le Hong Son (Department of Science and International Cooperation, Con Dao National park), Dau Nhu Kien, My Duy Hai and Thai Duc Tho (Hon Ba Forest Ranger, Con Dao National park) for their assistance in the field. 1. Chen, F., Chen, X., Van de Voorde, T., Roberts, D., Jiang, H., & Xu, W. (2020). 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Pakistan Journal of Botany, 54(4), 1475–1484. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2022-4(43). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WHMRUK 23. Wu, J., Lu, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Lin, Y., & Xu, J. (2020). Pollution, sources, and risks of heavy metals in coastal waters of China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 26(8), 2011–2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1634466 24. Xu, Y. S., Zhang, D. X., Shen, S. L., & Chen, L. Z. (2009). Geo-hazards with characteristics and prevention measures along the coastal regions of China. Natural Hazards, 49, 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9296-5. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TBZUUB 25. Yan, Z., Sun, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Li, X. (2017). Accumulation and tolerance of mangroves to heavy metals: A review. Current Pollution Reports, 3, 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-017-0066-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WNYIZC 26. Zhang, Z. W., Xu, X. R., Sun, Y. X., Yu, S., Chen, Y. S., & Peng, J. X. (2014). Heavy metal and organic contaminants in mangrove ecosystems of China: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 11938–11950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3100-8. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MNLERP 1. Chen, F., Chen, X., Van de Voorde, T., Roberts, D., Jiang, H., & Xu, W. (2020). Open water detection in urban environments using high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 242, 111706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111706. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JAYNGI 2. Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Jayatissa, L. P., Di Nitto, D., Bosire, J. O., Seen, D. L., & Koedam, N. (2005). How effective were mangroves as a defence against the recent tsunami? Current Biology, 15(12), R443–R447. 3. Ghosh, A., Schmidt, S., Fickert, T., & Nüsser, M. (2015). The Indian Sundarban mangrove forests: History, utilization, conservation strategies and local perception. Diversity, 7(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.3390/d7020149 4. Himmelstoss, E., Henderson, R. E., Kratzmann, M. G., & Farris, A. S. (2021). Digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) version 5.1 user guide. US Geological Survey. 5. Isaac, A., Adu-Boahen, K., & Dadson, I. Y. (2023). Spatio-temporal shoreline movement of the Afram River in Ghana: The application of endpoint rate and net shoreline movement. Journal of Social Science (JoSS), 2(7), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.57185/joss.v2i7.97. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BCZORB 6. Ismarti, I., Ramses, R., Suheryanto, S., & Amelia, F. (2017). Heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in water and angel fish (Chelmon rostractus) from Batam coastal, Indonesia. Omni-Akuatika, 13(1), 78–84. 7. Kruitwagen, G., Pratap, H. B., Covaci, A., & Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (2008). Status of pollution in mangrove ecosystems along the coast of Tanzania. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(5), 1022–1030. 8. Le, H. P., Ho, V. T., …, & Dao, V. H. (2023). Heavy metals contamination in coastal waters of South Vietnam. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 52(4), 171–181. 9. Maiti, S. K., & Chowdhury, A. (2013). Effects of anthropogenic pollution on mangrove biodiversity: A review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1428–1434. 10. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. (2006). Vietnam forestry handbook. Agriculture Publishing House. 11. Nguyen, N. B. C., Duong, M. T., Truong, H. D., & Ly, V. L. (2021). Assessing the differences in soil environmental indicators in different habitats in the Cu Lao Dung area. Dong Thap University Science Magazine, 10(3), 56–63. (In Vietnamese). https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.10.3.2021.868 12. Nguyen, T. H. H. (2014). Research on carbon quantification in mangrove forest plantation soil in Nam Hung commune, Tien Hai District, Thai Binh Province. Biology Journal, 36(1), 51–57. (In Vietnamese). 13. Nguyen, X. V., Tran, M. H., Le, T. D., & Papenbrock, J. (2017). An assessment of heavy metal contamination on the surface sediment of seagrass beds at the Khanh Hoa Coast, Vietnam. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 99, 728–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2191-6. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YJYTBU 14. Pennings, S. C., Glazner, R. M., Hughes, Z. J., Kominoski, J. S., & Armitage, A. R. (2021). Effects of mangrove cover on coastal erosion during a hurricane in Texas, USA. Ecology, 102(4), e03309. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3309. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LRKWMQ 15. Pham, M. P., Hoang, T. T. T., Pham, T. T., & Vu, D. D. (2025). Global range extension of bioclimatic zone of Bruguiera hainesii C. G. Rogers 1919 (Rhizophoraceae). One Ecosystem, 10, e142064. 16. Minister of Science and Technology. (2004). TCVN 7373:2004. The Vietnamese standard: defines the indicative range of total nitrogen content in major soil groups in Vietnam. 17. Minister of Science and Technology. (2004). TCVN 7374:2004. The Vietnamese standard: defines the indicative range of total phosphorus content in major soil groups in Vietnam. 18. Minister of Science and Technology. (2004). TCVN 7375:2004. The Vietnamese standard: defines the indicative range of total potassium content in major soil groups in Vietnam. 19. Thuan, N. N., Ty, T. V., Hung, T. V., Hong, H. T. C., Nhan, H. N., Lam, T. H., …, & Quang, T. M. (2013). Assessment of wave reduction effectiveness of detached breakwaters along the West coast of Ca Mau Province. Journal of Hydro-Meteorology, 732, 93–105. (In Vietnamese). ISSN 2525-2208. 20. Tran, Q. B. (2011). Effect of mangrove forest structures on wave attenuation in coastal Vietnam. Oceanologia, 53(3), 807–818. 21. Tran, V. H., Hoang, T. T. T., Pham, M. P., Vu, D. G., Nguyen, Q. K., & Vu, D. D. (2023). Complete chloroplast genome of endangered Bruguiera hainesii C. G. Rogers 1919 and phylogenetic analysis with associated species. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), 7(4), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_218_23. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/HKRVWE 22. Usmadi, D., Witono, J. R., Suhardjono Prawiroatmodjo, I. A., Fijridiyanto, D. S., Gumilang, A. R., Sabran, M., & Waliansyah, T. (2022). Vegetation analysis of Sungai Tembiluk Sungai Air Mata mangrove forest: A proposed site of Ketapang botanical garden in West Kalimantan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 54(4), 1475–1484. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2022-4(43). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WHMRUK 23. Wu, J., Lu, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Lin, Y., & Xu, J. (2020). Pollution, sources, and risks of heavy metals in coastal waters of China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 26(8), 2011–2026. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1634466 24. Xu, Y. S., Zhang, D. X., Shen, S. L., & Chen, L. Z. (2009). Geo-hazards with characteristics and prevention measures along the coastal regions of China. Natural Hazards, 49, 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9296-5. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TBZUUB 25. Yan, Z., Sun, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Li, X. (2017). Accumulation and tolerance of mangroves to heavy metals: A review. Current Pollution Reports, 3, 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-017-0066-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WNYIZC 26. Zhang, Z. W., Xu, X. R., Sun, Y. X., Yu, S., Chen, Y. S., & Peng, J. X. (2014). Heavy metal and organic contaminants in mangrove ecosystems of China: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 11938–11950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3100-8. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MNLERP