Use of biochar to intensify the composting process of chicken manure
Abstract
Background. A comprehensive study of the factors affecting the optimization of the composting process is essential. The results of this study will contribute to a more efficient and sustainable management of chicken manure waste. By optimizing the composting process with a biochar additive, the environmental and sanitary risks associated with unprocessed manure can be reduced. The resulting compost will be a valuable organic fertilizer. Overall, this study can contribute to the development of organic animal waste management practices.
Purpose. Evaluation of the effect of different doses of biochar based on chicken manure on physicochemical (temperature, humidity, content of biogenic elements C, N, P, K) and microbiological (respiration activity, metabolic activity of microorganisms) parameters of chicken manure composting, as well as on the phytotoxicity of the finished compost with respect to the test subject of oat plants (Avena sativa L.).
Materials and methods. The object of the study was litter chicken manure with a sawdust content of less than 25%. To prepare compost mixtures, biochar was added to the original chicken manure at a dose of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15% (w:w), as well as sawdust in an amount of 33% (w:w). Composting was carried out for 150 days at a temperature of 20 °C. The content of total carbon and total nitrogen was estimated using an elemental analyzer according to the Dumas-Pregl method. The size and nature of biochar pores were determined by scanning electron microscopy. The specific surface area of biochar was estimated in accordance with the method for determining the specific surface area from isotherms in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model and the laser diffraction method according to GOST R 8.777-2011. Humidity was determined by the air-thermal method in accordance with GOST 28268-89. Respiration activity was assessed according to ISO 14240-1. The total metabolic activity of microbial communities of compost mixtures was determined using the AWCD (average cell color density) index and Biolog Ecoplates (Biolog Inc., USA). The phytotoxicity of the compost mixtures was assessed using the germination index (GI) of oat (Avena sativa L.) plants in accordance with ISO 11269.1:2012.
Results. It was shown that biochar application had no significant effect on the composting temperature regime - all compost mixtures studied were characterized by traditional temperature dynamics. To maintain the recommended moisture level, the most optimal doses were biochar doses of 10 and 15%. A positive effect on the content of nutrients C, N, P and K in the final compost mixtures was found when using 10 and 15% biochar. No influence of biochar on microbiological parameters of composting (respiration activity, metabolic activity) was observed, while maintaining positive dynamics of the composting process. Evaluation of biochar influence on phytotoxicity of composts showed that when using the highest dose of biochar (15%) the maximum value of germination index GI (118%) was found for oat plants (Avena sativa L.).
Conclusion. Thus, this study highlights the potential of using biochar derived from chicken manure to improve the composting process and enhance the quality of the final product. The results show that the incorporation of biochar into the composting process of chicken manure not only contributes to better nutrient retention, but also promotes healthier plant growth, thus offering a sustainable solution for poultry waste management.
EDN: EULRXB
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References
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Bolan, S., Hou, D., & Wang, L. (2023). The potential of biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications. Science of the Total Environment, 886(2), 163968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163968. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SLCEUD
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Chung, W. J., Chang, S. W., & Chaudhary, D. K. (2021). Effect of biochar amendment on compost quality, gaseous emissions and pathogen reduction during in vessel composting of chicken manure. Chemosphere, 283, 131129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131129. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KLKBCN
Czekała, W., Malińska, K., & Cáceres, R. (2016). Co composting of poultry manure mixtures amended with biochar — The effect of biochar on temperature and C CO₂ emission. Bioresource Technology, 200, 921–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.019
Ding, Y., Liu, Y., & Liu, S. (2017). Potential benefits of biochar in agricultural soils: A review. Pedosphere, 27(4), 645–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60375-8
Domingues, R. R., Trugilho, P. F., & Silva, C. A. (2017). Properties of biochar derived from wood and high nutrient biomasses with the aim of agronomic and environmental benefits. PLoS ONE, 12(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176884
Ezzariai, A., Hafidi, M., & Khadra, A. (2018). Human and veterinary antibiotics during composting of sludge or manure: Global perspectives on persistence, degradation, and resistance genes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 359(4), 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.092
Hua, L., Wu, W., & Liu, Y. (2009). Reduction of nitrogen loss and Cu and Zn mobility during sludge composting with bamboo charcoal amendment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0041-0. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LYQDYL
ISO 14240 1:1997. Soil quality — Determination of soil microbial biomass. Part 1: Substrate induced respiration method (vol. 1, pp. 1–5), 1997.
ISO 11269 1. (2012). Soil quality — Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora — Part 1: Method for the measurement of inhibition of root growth (pp. 1–6).
Jindo, K., Suto, K., & Matsumoto, K. (2012). Chemical and biochemical characterisation of biochar blended composts prepared from poultry manure. Bioresource Technology, 110(3), 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120
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Kumar, M., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Q. (2017). New insight with the effects of biochar amendment on bacterial diversity as indicators of biomarkers support the thermophilic phase during sewage sludge composting. Bioresource Technology, 238, 589–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.100
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., & Thies, J. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota — A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(9), 1812–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OLCSUJ
Liu, H., Wang, L., & Lei, M. (2019). Positive impact of biochar amendment on thermal balance during swine manure composting at relatively low ambient temperature. Bioresource Technology, 273(10), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.033
Liu, N., Zhou, J., & Han, L. (2017). Role and multi scale characterization of bamboo biochar during poultry manure aerobic composting. Bioresource Technology, 241, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.144
López Cano, I., Roig, A., & Cayuela, M. L. (2016). Biochar improves N cycling during composting of olive mill wastes and sheep manure. Waste Management, 49, 553–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.031
Milon, A. R., Chang, S. W., & Ravindran, B. (2022). Biochar amended compost maturity evaluation using commercial vegetable crops seedlings through phytotoxicity germination bioassay. Journal of King Saud University — Science, 34(2), 101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101770. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JIDZSG
Nidheesh, P. V., Gopinath, A., & Ranjith, N. (2021). Potential role of biochar in advanced oxidation processes: A sustainable approach. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405(5), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126582. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MEDBXU
Qasim, W., Lee, M. H., & Moon, B. E. (2018). Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 7(3), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0212-z. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SPIOIU
Qian, S., Fu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2023). Biochar compost as a new option for soil improvement: Application in various problem soils. Science of the Total Environment, 870(9), 162024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162024. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RCBIVG
Sanchez Monedero, M. A., Cayuela, M. L., & Roig, A. (2018). Role of biochar as an additive in organic waste composting. Bioresource Technology, 247(9), 1155–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.193
Sánchez, A. (2023). A perspective on the use of respiration indices beyond the measurement of the stability of compost. Waste Management Bulletin, 1(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2023.05.003. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YPBHPA
Sulemana, N., Nartey, E. K., & Abekoe, M. K. (2021). Use of biochar compost for phosphorus availability to maize in a concretionary ferric lixisol in northern Ghana. Agronomy, 11(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020359. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XIXBNS
Sun, D., Lan, Y., & Xu, E. G. (2016). Biochar as a novel niche for culturing microbial communities in composting. Waste Management, 54(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.004
Sun, P., Liu, B., & Ahmed, I. (2022). Composting effect and antibiotic removal under a new temperature control strategy. Waste Management, 153(7), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.025. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LSVZCX
Wang, M., Lv, H., & Xu, L. (2023). Screening of cold adapted strains and its effects on physicochemical properties and microbiota structure of mushroom residue composting. Fermentation, 9(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9040354. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CJDACD
Wang, X., Cui, H., & Shi, J. (2015). Relationship between bacterial diversity and environmental parameters during composting of different raw materials. Bioresource Technology, 198, 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.041
Wang, Y., Akdeniz, N., & Yi, S. (2021). Biochar amended poultry mortality composting to increase compost temperatures, reduce ammonia emissions, and decrease leachate’s chemical oxygen demand. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 315(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107451. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GIZTJS
Widowati, A. (2014). Biochar effect on potassium fertilizer and leaching potassium dosage for two corn planting seasons. Agrivita, 36(1), 65–71.
Zhou, Z., & Yao, H. (2020). Effects of composting different types of organic fertilizer on the microbial community structure and antibiotic resistance genes. Microorganisms, 8(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020268. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LMLATS
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Arikan, O., Mulbry, W., Ingram, D., & Millner, P. (2009). Minimally managed composting of beef manure at the pilot scale: Effect of manure pile construction on pile temperature profiles and on the fate of oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline. Bioresource Technology, 100(19), 4447–4453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.063
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Bernal, M. P., Alburquerque, J. A., & Moral, R. (2009). Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review. Bioresource Technology, 100(22), 5444–5453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
Bolan, S., Hou, D., & Wang, L. (2023). The potential of biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications. Science of the Total Environment, 886(2), 163968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163968. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SLCEUD
Chen, Y. X., Huang, X. D., & Han, Z. Y. (2010). Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar on nitrogen conservation and heavy metals immobility during pig manure composting. Chemosphere, 78(9), 1177–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.029
Chung, W. J., Chang, S. W., & Chaudhary, D. K. (2021). Effect of biochar amendment on compost quality, gaseous emissions and pathogen reduction during in vessel composting of chicken manure. Chemosphere, 283, 131129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131129. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KLKBCN
Czekała, W., Malińska, K., & Cáceres, R. (2016). Co composting of poultry manure mixtures amended with biochar — The effect of biochar on temperature and C CO₂ emission. Bioresource Technology, 200, 921–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.019
Ding, Y., Liu, Y., & Liu, S. (2017). Potential benefits of biochar in agricultural soils: A review. Pedosphere, 27(4), 645–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60375-8
Domingues, R. R., Trugilho, P. F., & Silva, C. A. (2017). Properties of biochar derived from wood and high nutrient biomasses with the aim of agronomic and environmental benefits. PLoS ONE, 12(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176884
Ezzariai, A., Hafidi, M., & Khadra, A. (2018). Human and veterinary antibiotics during composting of sludge or manure: Global perspectives on persistence, degradation, and resistance genes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 359(4), 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.092
Hua, L., Wu, W., & Liu, Y. (2009). Reduction of nitrogen loss and Cu and Zn mobility during sludge composting with bamboo charcoal amendment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0041-0. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LYQDYL
ISO 14240 1:1997. Soil quality — Determination of soil microbial biomass. Part 1: Substrate induced respiration method (vol. 1, pp. 1–5), 1997.
ISO 11269 1. (2012). Soil quality — Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora — Part 1: Method for the measurement of inhibition of root growth (pp. 1–6).
Jindo, K., Suto, K., & Matsumoto, K. (2012). Chemical and biochemical characterisation of biochar blended composts prepared from poultry manure. Bioresource Technology, 110(3), 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120
Kacprzak, M., Malińska, K., & Grosser, A. (2022). Cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry manure management technologies — environmental aspects. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 10(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2022.2096983. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RLDFQT
Khan, N., Clark, I., & Sánchez Monedero, M. A. (2014). Maturity indices in co composting of chicken manure and sawdust with biochar. Bioresource Technology, 168, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.123
Kumar, M., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Q. (2017). New insight with the effects of biochar amendment on bacterial diversity as indicators of biomarkers support the thermophilic phase during sewage sludge composting. Bioresource Technology, 238, 589–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.100
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., & Thies, J. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota — A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(9), 1812–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OLCSUJ
Liu, H., Wang, L., & Lei, M. (2019). Positive impact of biochar amendment on thermal balance during swine manure composting at relatively low ambient temperature. Bioresource Technology, 273(10), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.033
Liu, N., Zhou, J., & Han, L. (2017). Role and multi scale characterization of bamboo biochar during poultry manure aerobic composting. Bioresource Technology, 241, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.144
López Cano, I., Roig, A., & Cayuela, M. L. (2016). Biochar improves N cycling during composting of olive mill wastes and sheep manure. Waste Management, 49, 553–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.031
Milon, A. R., Chang, S. W., & Ravindran, B. (2022). Biochar amended compost maturity evaluation using commercial vegetable crops seedlings through phytotoxicity germination bioassay. Journal of King Saud University — Science, 34(2), 101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101770. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JIDZSG
Nidheesh, P. V., Gopinath, A., & Ranjith, N. (2021). Potential role of biochar in advanced oxidation processes: A sustainable approach. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405(5), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126582. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MEDBXU
Qasim, W., Lee, M. H., & Moon, B. E. (2018). Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 7(3), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0212-z. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SPIOIU
Qian, S., Fu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2023). Biochar compost as a new option for soil improvement: Application in various problem soils. Science of the Total Environment, 870(9), 162024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162024. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RCBIVG
Sanchez Monedero, M. A., Cayuela, M. L., & Roig, A. (2018). Role of biochar as an additive in organic waste composting. Bioresource Technology, 247(9), 1155–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.193
Sánchez, A. (2023). A perspective on the use of respiration indices beyond the measurement of the stability of compost. Waste Management Bulletin, 1(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2023.05.003. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YPBHPA
Sulemana, N., Nartey, E. K., & Abekoe, M. K. (2021). Use of biochar compost for phosphorus availability to maize in a concretionary ferric lixisol in northern Ghana. Agronomy, 11(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020359. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XIXBNS
Sun, D., Lan, Y., & Xu, E. G. (2016). Biochar as a novel niche for culturing microbial communities in composting. Waste Management, 54(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.004
Sun, P., Liu, B., & Ahmed, I. (2022). Composting effect and antibiotic removal under a new temperature control strategy. Waste Management, 153(7), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.025. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LSVZCX
Wang, M., Lv, H., & Xu, L. (2023). Screening of cold adapted strains and its effects on physicochemical properties and microbiota structure of mushroom residue composting. Fermentation, 9(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9040354. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CJDACD
Wang, X., Cui, H., & Shi, J. (2015). Relationship between bacterial diversity and environmental parameters during composting of different raw materials. Bioresource Technology, 198, 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.041
Wang, Y., Akdeniz, N., & Yi, S. (2021). Biochar amended poultry mortality composting to increase compost temperatures, reduce ammonia emissions, and decrease leachate’s chemical oxygen demand. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 315(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107451. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GIZTJS
Widowati, A. (2014). Biochar effect on potassium fertilizer and leaching potassium dosage for two corn planting seasons. Agrivita, 36(1), 65–71.
Zhou, Z., & Yao, H. (2020). Effects of composting different types of organic fertilizer on the microbial community structure and antibiotic resistance genes. Microorganisms, 8(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020268. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LMLATS
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia V. Danilova, Liliya R. Biktasheva, Polina A. Kuryntseva, Polina Yu. Galitskaya, Svetlana Yu. Selivanovskaya
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