GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM IS A DETOXIFICATION MECHANISM OF HERBICIDES IN VACUOLES AND PLASTIDS OF RED BEETROOT CELLS
Abstract
The synthetic compounds used in agriculture are xenobiotics, which entering the plants can negatively affect the functioning of plant cells. In cells, xenobiotics undergo (or, if the defense mechanisms are deficient, do not undergo) chemical changes, they are then transported to vacuoles.
Background. The excess accumulation of xenobiotics inside vacuoles appears to be the result of impaired conversion and degradation of these compounds in other subcellular structures. In this regard, the detoxification systems of vacuoles and other subcellular compartments deserve close attention when studying the mechanisms of disposal harmful substances in the plant cells.
Purpose. In the present paper, the glutathione system of organelles, of such as vacuoles and plastids, was considered as one of the mechanisms for detoxifying herbicides.
Materials and methods. The glutathione system in the vacuoles compared to those in leucoplasts have been studied. Organelles were isolated from cells of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) taproots. Spectrophotometric analysis and gel electrophoresis have been applied to assess the glutathione content and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.8.1.7).
Results. The concentration of the glutathione in vacuoles was higher in comparison to that in the leucoplasts. The activity of GST in the vacuoles has been assessed to be quite high compared to that of leucoplasts. The enzymes of GST-family, which catalyze the conjugation of GSH to various compounds, were directly related to the detoxification of cytotoxic metabolites and xenobiotics. GSTs of vacuoles and plastids reacted with herbicides (glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen), what gave evidence of the fact of participation of these enzymes in the process of detoxification of exogenous harmful compounds. One of the mechanisms for the reduction of glutathione inside the vacuoles and plastids can be associated with GR. The activity of GR in the leucoplasts has been assessed to be quite high compared to that of vacuoles. The GRs of vacuoles and plastids were found to be stable enzymes; the studies in vitro gave the evidence that their activities were not suppressed by the herbicides used in the experiments.
Conclusion. Collectively, our findings suggest the idea that the glutathione accumulated by vacuoles, like the glutathione accumulated by plastids, seems to contribute to the detoxification, which can take place in these compartments. А comprehensive study of the subcellular mechanisms of neutralization of damaging substances will expand the understanding of the detoxification in plants.
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