Comparative analysis of the composition and carbohydrate content in the fruits of M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and its hybrid varieties with M. domestica Borkh.
Abstract
Background. Research studies of the composition and content of carbohydrates in fruits of the hybrid varieties Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. and Malus domestica Borkh., which are widespread in cold climates, are important both from a fundamental point of view - for assessing the inheritance of these traits in hybrid generations, and from a practical point of view - as a marker for selecting hybrids with improved taste qualities. However, a detailed analysis of the carbohydrate content of these hybrids is poorly studied.
Purpose. Comparative analysis of the carbohydrate composition in the fruit tissues of M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and its hybrid varieties with M. domestica Borkh.
Materials and methods. The study of the quantitative and qualitative composition of pectins was carried out using UV and IR spectroscopy; simple carbohydrates - using HPLC.
Results. It was shown that in the hybrid genotypes fruit tissues the fructose content varied from 36% to 70% of the total sugars. In the tissues of M. baccata fruits the dominant soluble carbohydrates were sorbitol and sucrose. As a result of hybridization, the sorbitol content in fruits decreased significantly (minimum content was found in M. domestica fruits). In most genotypes, the protopectin content was higher than content of water-soluble pectin fractions. The highest total pectin content was found in M. baccata fruits. The esterification of both pectin fractions in the tissues of all genotypes was high—above 50%. The cell size of the hybrids fruits was small compared to M. domestica sell size, varied from 17 to 25 μm. For all the types, cell size did not correlate with fruit size.
Conclusion. It is possible that combination of high pectin content, esterification degree and smaller cell size is one of the reasons for the resistance of the studied genotypes to pathogens.
EDN: FPDTJC
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References
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Harada, T., Kurahashi, W., Yanai, M., Wakasa, Y., & Satoh, T. (2005). Involvement of cell proliferation and cell enlargement in increasing the fruit size of Malus species. Scientia Horticulturae, 105(4), 447–456.
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Rudikovskaya, E. G., Dudareva, L. V., Shishparenok, A. A., & Rudikovskii, A. V. (2015). Peculiarities of polyphenolic profile of fruits of Siberian crab apple and its hybrids with Malus × domestica Borkh. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 37, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-1993-6. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VAHEDT
Li, M., Feng, F., & Cheng, L. (2012). Expression patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and accumulation during apple fruit development. PLOS ONE, 7(3), e33055.
Liang, W. L., Liao, J. S., Qi, J. R., Jiang, W. X., & Yang, X. Q. (2022). Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of high methoxyl pectin with different degree of esterification. Food Chemistry, 375, 131806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131806. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XIPWYG
Lionetti, V., Cervone, F., & Bellincampi, D. (2012). Methyl esterification of pectin plays a role during plant pathogen interactions and affects plant resistance to diseases. Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(16), 1623–1630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.006. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RMHPNP
Ma, B., Chen, J., Zheng, H., Fang, T., Ogutu, C., Li, S., Han, Y., & Wu, B. (2015). Comparative assessment of sugar and malic acid composition in cultivated and wild apples. Food Chemistry, 172, 86–91.
Malladi, A., & Hirst, P. M. (2010). Increase in fruit size of a spontaneous mutant of ‘Gala’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is facilitated by altered cell production and enhanced cell size. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(11), 3003–3013. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq134. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/NZQJNN
Mignard, P., Beguería, S., Giménez, R., Font i Forcada, C., Reig, G., & Moreno, M. Á. (2022). Effect of genetics and climate on apple sugars and organic acids profiles. Agronomy, 12(4), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040827. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RMOCDA
Naets, M., Wang, Z., Verboven, P., Nicolai, B., Keulemans, W., & Geeraerd, A. (2020). Size does matter — susceptibility of apple for grey mould is affected by cell size. Plant Pathology, 69(1), 60–67.
Ornelas Paz, J. D. J., Quintana Gallegos, B. M., Escalante Minakata, P., Reyes Hernández, J., Pérez Martínez, J. D., Rios Velasco, C., & Ruiz Cruz, S. (2018). Relationship between the firmness of Golden Delicious apples and the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits and their pectin during development and ripening. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2758-6. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BVAVVU
Taylor, K. A., & Buchanan Smith, J. G. (1992). A colorimetric method for the quantitation of uronic acids and a specific assay for galacturonic acid. Analytical Biochemistry, 201(1), 190–196.
Tijero, V., Girardi, F., & Botton, A. (2021). Fruit development and primary metabolism in apple. Agronomy, 11(6), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061160. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WXGHVU
Wan, J., He, M., Hou, Q., Zou, L., Yang, Y., Wei, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Cell wall associated immunity in plants. Stress Biology, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-021-00003-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CUHTGN
Wang, D., Yeats, T. H., Uluisik, S., Rose, J. K., & Seymour, G. B. (2018). Fruit softening: revisiting the role of pectin. Trends in Plant Science, 23(4), 302–310.
Wu, J., Gao, H., Zhao, L., Liao, X., Chen, F., Wang, Z., & Hu, X. (2007). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars. Food Chemistry, 103(1), 88–93.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elena G. Rudikovskaya, Zlata S. Stavitskaya, Lyubov V. Dudareva, Natalia М. Semenova, Natalia B. Katysheva, Alexander V. Rudikovskii
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