Sanitary and epizootological monitoring of bee nosematosis in the east of Kazakhstan
Abstract
Background. In East Kazakhstan, there are favorable natural, climatic and ecological conditions for the development of beekeeping. But the viability, number and productivity of bee colonies are negatively affected by various factors. Most often, contagious diseases of bees, which include nosematosis.
Purpose. The purpose of the study is to conduct sanitary and epizootological monitoring of bee nosematosis in the conditions of East Kazakhstan.
For the first time in East Kazakhstan, a comparative analysis of the defeat of apiaries in mountainous and steppe regions by nosematosis, as well as the degree of defeat of bee colonies by nosematosis and the number of spores in one bee was carried out. An epizootic map of the spread of bee nosematosis in the mountainous and steppe regions of the region was compiled.
Material and methods. The work was carried out from 2018 to 2022. in the laboratory of veterinary and food safety of the NAO Shakarim University of Semey, in the Republican veterinary laboratory of the Republican state enterprise on the right of economic management of the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Semey), the testing laboratory of Nutritest LLP (Almaty), in the laboratory of physicochemical research methods of Antigen Research and Production Enterprise LLP (Almaty) and at the Department of Invertebrate Zoology of the Institute of Biology, Ecology, Soil Science, Agriculture and Forestry of the Tomsk State University (Tomsk). Sampling was carried out at apiaries in Eastern Kazakhstan of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Results. Thus, the analysis of the obtained results confirms that the apiaries of Eastern Kazakhstan are unfavorable for bee nosematosis. In the mountainous regions (Katon-Karagaysky and Urzharsky), the incidence of bees with nosematosis is higher than in the steppe regions (Borodulikha and Shemonaikha). In mountainous areas, the incidence of nosematosis in apiaries was 83.3 and 80% (on average 81.65%), and in steppe areas 62.5 and 50% (on average 56.25%). Of the studied samples of honey bees taken from bee families, spores of the microsporidia of the genus Nosema were found in 23.3% of cases. PCR studies showed that DNA of microsporidia of the genus Nosema was found in 66.7% of bees from the total number of studied samples. Of these, only 1 sample contained Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae was detected in 30 bee samples and a mixed infection was registered in 3 (8.82%) bee families: Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis.
Conclusion. Apiaries of Eastern Kazakhstan are unfavorable for nosematosis of bees. In mountainous areas, the incidence of nosematosis among bees is higher than in steppe areas. Based on the results of the study, an epizootological chart for nosematosis among bees in the East Kazakhstan region was compiled. PCR studies showed that of the total number of affected bees, only 2.99% contained the pathogen Nosema apis, 88.23% were found to have Nosema ceranae, and 8.82% had a mixed infection of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis.
EDN: XCRYKI
Downloads
References
Байгазанов, А. Н., & Тихомирова, Е. Ю. (2020). Исследование пчелиных семей на заражённость микроспоридиями рода Nosema на пасеках Восточно Казахстанской области. Европейский союз учёных. Ветеринарные науки, 3(9(78)), 44–48. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZSZZEA
Байгазанов, А. Н., Тихомирова, Е. Ю., & Пашаян, С. А. (2019). Нозематоз пчёл в Восточно Казахстанской области Республики Казахстан. В Матер. VI межд. науч.-практ. конф. «Наука XXI века: открытия, инновации, технологии» (с. 4–7). Смоленск.
Голубева, Е. П. (2018). Заражённость медоносных пчёл микроспоридиями рода Nosema в Томской области (канд. биол. наук, 03.02.04). Томск. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ICKJTD
Домацкая, Т. Ф., Домацкий, А. Н., & Зинатуллина, З. Я. (2020). Распространение болезней медоносных пчёл на пасеках Тюменской области. Вестник КрасГАУ, (7(160)), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2020-7-87-92. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JHETCV
Домацкая, Т. Ф., Домацкий, А. Н., & Зинатуллина, З. Я. (2021). Распространение возбудителей инвазий и инфекций медоносных пчёл на пасеках Тюменской области. Вестник российской сельскохозяйственной науки, (4), 70–72. https://doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2021/4/70-72. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LOXOLG
Домацкая, Т. Ф., Домацкий, А. Н., Дольникова, Т. Ю., Зинатуллина, З. Я., & Столбова, В. В. (2025). Мониторинг эпизоотического состояния пасек Тюменской области и других регионов России. Вестник российской сельскохозяйственной науки, (1), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2500208225010171. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CRVAVJ
Зинатуллина, З. Я., Игнатьева, А. Н., & Жигилёва, О. Н. (2011). Азиатская разновидность пчелиного нозематоза в России. Пчеловодство, (10), 24–26. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OQNRMR
Зинатуллина, З. Я. (2011). «Азиатский» нозематоз в России. Пчеловодство, (10), 24–26. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OQNRMR
Зинатуллина, З. Я., Жигилёва, О. Н., & Токарев, Ю. С. (2011). Методические наставления по дифференциальной диагностике Nosema apis и Nosema ceranae у медоносной пчелы (Apis mellifera L.). В Сб. науч. тр. ВНИИВЭА (вып. 51, с. 286–300). Тюмень.
Информационно аналитическая система «Талдау». (2022). Общее количество пчелосемей. Получено 15 марта 2025 г. с https://taldau.stat.gov.kz/ru/NewIndex/GetIndex/2972846
ГУВ МСХ СССР. (1985). Методические указания по лабораторным исследованиям на нозематоз медоносных пчёл (утв. 25.04.1985, 3 с.). М.
Пашаян, С. А., Сидорова, К. А., & Калашникова, М. В. (2023). Распространение, диагностика и профилактика нозематоза пчёл. Аграрный вестник Урала, 23(11), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2023-23-11-65-74. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VXKQOJ
Пашаян, С. А., Комлацкий, В. И., Калашникова, М. В., & Саттаров, В. Н. (2024). Биологический цикл развития клещей — эктопаразитов пчёл. Сельскохозяйственный журнал, (4(17)), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.48612/FARC/2687-1254/013.4.17.2024. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/AWSDJC
Развитие пчеловодства в Восточном Казахстане (на примере КХ «Пасека»). (2023). Получено 15 марта 2025 г. с https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-agro/press/news/details/607091?lang=ru
Суюндукова, Г. Я. (2013). Ветеринарно санитарная характеристика пасек при европейском гнильце и его лечение (канд. биол. наук, 06.02.05, 140 с.). Уфа. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SUYFRP
Тихомирова, Е. Ю., Валитова, Н. В., & Гумарова, Ж. М. (2023). Шығыс Қазақстандағы бал сапасын ветеринарлық санитарлық бағалау. Ғылым және білім. Ветеринария ғылымдары, 1(3(72)), 159–168.
Токарев, Ю. С., Игнатьева, А. Н., & Зинатуллина, З. Я. (2010). Молекулярная диагностика нозематоза. Пчеловодство, (10), 18–19. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MYDTLP
Туктаров, В. Р. (2017). Современные подходы к оздоровлению пчелиных семей при гнильцовых заболеваниях. В VII Международный ветеринарный конгресс: круглый стол «Болезни пчёл» (8 с.). Уфа.
Чернышев, А. А. (2012). Усовершенствование метода диагностики нозематоза медоносных пчёл (канд. биол. наук, 06.02.05, 106 с.). Москва. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QFZZGR
Anderson, D. L., & Giacon, H. (1992). Reduced pollen collection by honey bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae) colonies infected with Nosema apis and sacbrood virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(1), 47–51.
Chemurot, M., et al. (2017). Nosema neumanni n. sp. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae), a new microsporidian parasite of honeybees Apis mellifera in Uganda. European Journal of Protistology, 61A, 13–19.
Fries, I. (1998). Comb replacement and Nosema disease (Nosema apis Z.) in honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 19(4), 343–354.
Giovanni, C., et al. (2018). The first detection of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) in the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Apidologie, 49(5).
Higes, M., et al. (2009). The presence of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) in North African honey bees (Apis mellifera intermissa). Journal of Apicultural Research, 48(3), 217–219.
Mayack, C., & Naug, D. (2009). Energetic stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 100(3), 185–188.
Houdelet, C., et al. (2022). Molecular histoproteomics by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging to uncover markers of the impact of Nosema on Apis mellifera. Proteomics, 22(9), e2100224. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.202100224. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XFKYAC
Jabal Uriel, C., et al. (2022). Age and season affect the timing of adult worker honeybee infection by Nosema ceranae. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 823050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.823050. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RKTVSX
Jabal Uriel, C., et al. (2022). Effect of Nosema ceranae infection and season on the gut bacteriome composition of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera). Scientific Reports, 12(1), 9326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13337-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZTGKAV
Kartal, S., et al. (2021). Microscopic and molecular detection of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the southwest Aegean region. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 21(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.896045. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ARLUSS
Matheson, A. (1993). World Bee Health Report. Bee World, 74(4), 176–212.
Rangel, J., et al. (2015). Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20 year survey. Apidologie, 47(4), 561–571.
Salkova, D., et al. (2022). Molecular detection of Nosema spp. in honey in Bulgaria. Veterinary Sciences, 9(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9010010. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XMPCML
Zander, E. (1909). Tierische Parasiten als Krankheitserreger bei der Biene. Münchener Bienenzeitung, 31, 196–204.
Fries, I., et al. (1996). Nosema ceranae sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae): morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). European Journal of Protistology, 32(3), 356–365.
Zinatullina, Z. Ya., Dolnikova, T. Yu., Domatskaya, T. F., & Domatsky, A. N. (2018). Diseases of bees in apiaries of the Tyumen region, Russia. В Abstracts of the XXII International Congress of Apislavia 2018 (с. 33–34). ЗАО «Агробиопром»; Союз «Пчеловодство»; ФГБНУ ФАНЦ Северо Востока; ФГБНУ «ФНЦ НИИ пчеловодства». ISBN: 978 5 900205 67 0. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YMWMMX
References
Baigazanov, A. N., & Tikhomirova, E. Yu. (2020). Study of bee colonies for infection with microsporidia of the genus Nosema in apiaries of the East Kazakhstan region. European Union of Scientists. Veterinary Sciences, 3(9(78)), 44–48. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZSZZEA
Baigazanov, A. N., Tikhomirova, E. Yu., & Pashayan, S. A. (2019). Nosemosis in bees in the East Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In Proceedings of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference “Science of the XXI Century: Discoveries, Innovations, Technologies” (pp. 4–7). Smolensk.
Golubeva, E. P. (2018). Infestation of honey bees with microsporidia of the genus Nosema in the Tomsk region (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 03.02.04). Tomsk. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ICKJTD
Domatskaya, T. F., Domatsky, A. N., & Zinatullina, Z. Ya. (2020). Spread of diseases of honey bees in apiaries of the Tyumen region. Bulletin of KrasSAU, (7(160)), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2020-7-87-92. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JHETCV
Domatskaya, T. F., Domatsky, A. N., & Zinatullina, Z. Ya. (2021). Spread of pathogens of invasions and infections of honey bees in apiaries of the Tyumen region. Bulletin of the Russian Agricultural Science, (4), 70–72. https://doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2021/4/70-72. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LOXOLG
Domatskaya, T. F., Domatsky, A. N., Dolnikova, T. Yu., Zinatullina, Z. Ya., & Stolbova, V. V. (2025). Monitoring of the epizootic state of apiaries in the Tyumen region and other regions of Russia. Bulletin of the Russian Agricultural Science, (1), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2500208225010171. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CRVAVJ
Zinatullina, Z. Ya., Ignatieva, A. N., & Zhigileva, O. N. (2011). Asian variety of bee nosemosis in Russia. Beekeeping, (10), 24–26. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OQNRMR
Zinatullina, Z. Ya. (2011). “Asian” nosemosis in Russia. Beekeeping, (10), 24–26. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OQNRMR
Zinatullina, Z. Ya., Zhigileva, O. N., & Tokarev, Yu. S. (2011). Guidelines for differential diagnosis of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). In Collection of Scientific Papers of the All Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology (Issue 51, pp. 286–300). Tyumen.
Information and Analytical System “Taldau”. (2022). Total number of bee colonies. Retrieved March 15, 2025, from https://taldau.stat.gov.kz/ru/NewIndex/GetIndex/2972846
Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR. (1985). Guidelines for laboratory testing for nosemosis in honey bees (Approved on April 25, 1985, 3 p.). Moscow.
Pashayan, S. A., Sidorova, K. A., & Kalashnikova, M. V. (2023). Spread, diagnosis, and prevention of bee nosemosis. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 23(11), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2023-23-11-65-74. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VXKQOJ
Pashayan, S. A., Komlatsky, V. I., Kalashnikova, M. V., & Sattarov, V. N. (2024). Biological cycle of development of mites — ectoparasites of bees. Agricultural Journal, (4(17)), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.48612/FARC/2687-1254/013.4.17.2024. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/AWSDJC
Development of beekeeping in East Kazakhstan (on the example of the Farm “Paseka”). (2023). Retrieved March 15, 2025, from https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-agro/press/news/details/607091?lang=ru
Suyundukova, G. Ya. (2013). Veterinary and sanitary characteristics of apiaries with European foulbrood and its treatment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 06.02.05, 140 p.). Ufa. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SUYFRP
Tikhomirova, E. Yu., Valitova, N. V., & Gumarova, Zh. M. (2023). Veterinary and sanitary assessment of honey quality in East Kazakhstan. Science and Education. Veterinary Sciences, 1(3(72)), 159–168.
Tokarev, Yu. S., Ignatieva, A. N., & Zinatullina, Z. Ya. (2010). Molecular diagnosis of nosemosis. Beekeeping, (10), 18–19. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MYDTLP
Tuktarov, V. R. (2017). Modern approaches to improving the health of bee colonies in foulbrood diseases. In VII International Veterinary Congress: Roundtable “Bee Diseases” (8 p.). Ufa.
Chernyshev, A. A. (2012). Improvement of the method for diagnosing nosemosis in honey bees (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 06.02.05, 106 p.). Moscow. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QFZZGR
Anderson, D. L., & Giacon, H. (1992). Reduced pollen collection by honey bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae) colonies infected with Nosema apis and sacbrood virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(1), 47–51.
Chemurot, M., et al. (2017). Nosema neumanni n. sp. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae), a new microsporidian parasite of honeybees Apis mellifera in Uganda. European Journal of Protistology, 61A, 13–19.
Fries, I. (1998). Comb replacement and Nosema disease (Nosema apis Z.) in honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 19(4), 343–354.
Giovanni, C., et al. (2018). The first detection of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) in the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Apidologie, 49(5).
Higes, M., et al. (2009). The presence of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) in North African honey bees (Apis mellifera intermissa). Journal of Apicultural Research, 48(3), 217–219.
Mayack, C., & Naug, D. (2009). Energetic stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 100(3), 185–188.
Houdelet, C., et al. (2022). Molecular histoproteomics by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging to uncover markers of the impact of Nosema on Apis mellifera. Proteomics, 22(9), e2100224. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.202100224. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XFKYAC
Jabal Uriel, C., et al. (2022). Age and season affect the timing of adult worker honeybee infection by Nosema ceranae. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 823050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.823050. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RKTVSX
Jabal Uriel, C., et al. (2022). Effect of Nosema ceranae infection and season on the gut bacteriome composition of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera). Scientific Reports, 12(1), 9326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13337-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZTGKAV
Kartal, S., et al. (2021). Microscopic and molecular detection of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the southwest Aegean region. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 21(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.896045. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ARLUSS
Matheson, A. (1993). World Bee Health Report. Bee World, 74(4), 176–212.
Rangel, J., et al. (2015). Prevalence of Nosema species in a feral honey bee population: a 20 year survey. Apidologie, 47(4), 561–571.
Salkova, D., et al. (2022). Molecular detection of Nosema spp. in honey in Bulgaria. Veterinary Sciences, 9(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9010010. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XMPCML
Zander, E. (1909). Animal parasites as pathogens in bees. Münchener Bienenzeitung, 31, 196–204.
Fries, I., et al. (1996). Nosema ceranae sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae): morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). European Journal of Protistology, 32(3), 356–365.
Zinatullina, Z. Ya., Dolnikova, T. Yu., Domatskaya, T. F., & Domatsky, A. N. (2018). Diseases of bees in apiaries of the Tyumen region, Russia. In Abstracts of the XXII International Congress of Apislavia 2018 (pp. 33–34). Agrobioprom JSC; Union “Beekeeping”; FSBSI FANC of the North East; FSBSI “FRC Research Institute of Beekeeping”. ISBN: 978 5 900205 67 0. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YMWMMX
Copyright (c) 2025 Elena Yu. Tikhomirova, Abdrakhman N. Baigazanov, Armine S. Ghazaryan, Susanna A. Pashayan, Victor V. Abrahamyan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
