Effects of phytobiotic feed additives on productivity and gut microbiota of common carp
Abstract
Background. The use of phytobiotics in feeding may be a promising approach to control animal diseases without antibiotics.
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of phytobiotic feed additives on the growth performance and on gut microbiome of common carp.
Materials and methods. The paper presents the results of a study on the use of phytobiotic feed additives in carp feeding: "Intebio" – an additive based on a mixture of essential oils (garlic, lemon, thyme and eucalyptus) and "Butitan" - a balanced microencapsulated combination of ellagotannins (sweet chestnut wood extract).
Results. When the studied additives were included in the diet of fish, a growth-stimulating effect was established: with the inclusion of "Butitan" by 11.7% (P≤0.05), and with "Intebio" by 8.8% (P≤0.05), relative to the control. The introduction of phytobiotic feed additives "Butitan" and "Intebio" into the diet of carp had a significant effect on the gut microbiome of fish. A decrease in the number of bacteria of phylum Actinomycetota, Bacillota and Bacteroidota and an increase in the content of microorganisms of taxa Pseudomonadota and Fusobacteriota (genus Cetobacterium) were found, which was reflected in the change in the number of microorganisms of Microbacteriaceae, Chitinophagaceae, and unclassified_Bacillota families. The analysis of the sequencing results showed that the impact of "Intebio" led to a change in the dominant genera of bacteria in the gut microbiota of fish. Numerous groups were bacteria of the genus Aeromonas, the genus Vibrio and the genus Cetobacterium.
Conclusion. The results obtained showed that the inclusion of "Butitan" and "Intebio" in the diet of carp has a positive effect on the indicators of body weight gain and can potentially be used as a basis for drugs to modify the gut microbiota.
Sponsorship information. The research was made with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-76-10054.
EDN: TROYTR
Downloads
References
Abd-Elaziz, R. A., Shukry, M., Abdel-Latif, H. M. R., & Saleh, R. M. (2023). Growth-promoting and immunostimulatory effects of phytobiotics as dietary supplements for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 133, 108531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108531 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/APREIA
Abdel-Latif, H. M. R., Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khafaga, A. F., & Dawood, M. A. O. (2020). Dietary or egano essential oil improved the growth performance via enhancing the intestinal morphometry and hepatorenal functions of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 526, 735432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735432 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ISNWHR
Abdul Kari, Z., Wee, W., Mohamad Sukri, S. A., Che Harun, H., Hanif Reduan, M. F., Irwan Khoo, M., Van Doan, H., Wen Goh, K., & Seong Wei, L. (2022). Role of phytobiotics in relieving the impacts of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on aquatic animals: A mini-review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 1023784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1023784 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QLHNFE
Al-Yasiry, A. R. M., Kiczorowska, B., Samolińska, W., Kowalczuk-Pecka, E., & Kowalczyk-Pecka, D. (2017). The effect of Boswellia serrata resin diet supplementation on production, hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters in broiler chickens. Animal, 11(11), 1890–1898. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117000817
Bai, L., Zhou, Y., Sheng, C., Yin, Y., Chen, Y., Ding, X., Yu, G., Yang, G., & Chen, L. (2023). Common carp Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 (CcPGRP2) plays a role in innate immunity for defense against bacterial infections. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 133, 108564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108564 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KSYCQO
Banu, M. R., Akter, S., Islam, M. R., Mondol, M. N., & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Probiotic yeast enhanced growth performance and disease resistance in freshwater catfish gulsa tengra, Mystus cavasius. Aquaculture Reports, 16, 100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100237 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/EISCQC
Butt, R. L., & Volkoff, H. (2019). Gut Microbiota and Energy Homeostasis in Fish. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00009 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OHCMRW
Chang, X., Kang, M., Shen, Y., Yun, L., Yang, G., Zhu, L., Meng, X., Zhang, J., & Su, X. (2021). Bacillus coagulans SCC-19 maintains intestinal health in cadmium-exposed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by strengthening the gut barriers, relieving oxidative stress and modulating the intestinal microflora. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 228, 112977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112977 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ATOVXL
Chung, К-T., Lu, Z., & Chou, M. W. (1998). Mechanism of inhibition of tannic acid and related compounds on the growth of intestinal bacteria. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36(12), 1053–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00086-6
de Bruijn, I., Liu, Y., Wiegertjes, G. F., & Raaijmakers, J. M. (2018). Exploring fish microbial communities to mitigate emerging diseases in aquaculture. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix161 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YFYJHV
Erkinharju, T., Dalmo, R. A., Hansen, M., & Seternes, T. (2021). Cleaner Fish in Aquaculture: Review on Diseases and Vaccination. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13, 189–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12470 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GZNTKJ
Feher, M., Fauszt, P., Tolnai, E., Fidler, G., Pesti-Asboth, G., Stagel, A., Szucs, I., Biro, S., Remenyik, J., Paholcsek, M., & Stundl, L. (2021). Effects of phytonutrient-supplemented diets on the intestinal microbiota of Cyprinus carpio. PLoS One, 16(4), e0248537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248537 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GGACUL
Guo, X., Ran, C., Zhang, Z., He, S., Jin, M., & Zhou, Z. (2017). The Growth-Promoting Effect of Dietary Nucleotides in Fish Is Associated with an Intestinal Microbiota-Mediated Reduction in Energy Expenditure. The Journal of Nutrition, 147(5), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.245506
Hao, K., Wu, Z. Q., Li, D. L., Yu, X. B., Wang, G. X., & Ling, F. (2017). Effects of Dietary Administration of Shewanella xiamenensis A-1, Aeromonas veronii A-7, and Bacillus subtilis, Single or Combined, on the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Intestinal Microbiota. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 9(4), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-017-9269-7 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YECJSV
Klindworth, A., Pruesse, E., Schweer, T., Peplies, J., Quast, C., Horn, M., & Glöckner, F. O. (2013). Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(1), e1. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks808
Kondera, E., Bojarski, B., Ługowska, K., Kot, B., & Witeska, M. (2020). Effects of oxytetracycline and gentamicin therapeutic doses on hematological, biochemical and hematopoietic parameters in Cyprinus carpio juveniles. Animals (Basel), 10(12), 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122278 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QLWWQI
Laptev, G. Y., Filippova, V. A., Kochish, I. I., Yildirim, E. A., Ilina, L. A., Dubrovin, A. V., Brazhnik, E. A., Novikova, N. I., Novikova, O. B., Dmitrieva, M. E., Smolensky, V. I., Surai, P. F., Griffin, D. K., & Romanov, M. N. (2019). Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic. Animals (Basel), 9(9), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090615 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GUYBYV
Levkut, M. Jr., Revajová, V., Levkutová, M., Selecká, E., Ševčíková, Z., Karaffová, V., & Levkut, M. Sr. (2019). The Influence of Chestnut Wood and Flubendazole on Morphology of Small Intestine and Lymphocytes of Peripheral Blood, Spleen and Jejunum in Broiler Chickens. Helminthologia, 56(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0029
Liu, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Gatlin, D. M., Ringø, E., & Zhou, Z. (2014). Effects of dietary microencapsulated sodium butyrate on growth, intestinal mucosal morphology, immune response and adhesive bacteria in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) pre-fed with or without oxidised oil. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514000610
Ma, J., Piao, X., Mahfuz, S., Long, S., & Wang, J. (2021). The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids. Animal Nutrition, 9, 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.012 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CBMMIB
Mavri, M., Čandek-Potokar, M., Fazarinc, G., Škrlep, M., Rutland, C. S., Potočnik, B., Batorek-Lukač, N., & Kubale, V. (2022). Salivary Gland Adaptation to Dietary Inclusion of Hydrolysable Tannins in Boars. Animals (Basel), 12(17), 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172171 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OZCBKZ
Mila, I., Scalbert, A., & Expert, D. (1996). Iron withholding by plant polyphenols and resistance to pathogens and rots. Phytochemistry, 42(6), 1551–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00174-4 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ALAOHR
Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Buschmann, A. H., Bush, S. R., Cao, L., Klinger, D. H., Little, D. C., Lubchenco, J., Shumway, S. E., & Troell, M. (2021). A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature, 591(7851), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MXWFWO
Ringø, E., Harikrishnan, R., Soltani, M., & Ghosh, K. (2022). The Effect of Gut Microbiota and Probiotics on Metabolism in Fish and Shrimp. Animals (Basel), 12(21), 3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213016 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RIZTGV
Rohani, M. F., Islam, S. M., Hossain, M. K., Ferdous, Z., Siddik, M. A., Nuruzzaman, M., Padeniya, U., Brown, C., & Shahjahan, M. (2022). Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics improved the functionality of aquafeed: Upgrading growth, reproduction, immunity and disease resistance in fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 120, 569–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.037 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZMDHBT
Ruzauskas, M., Armalytė, J., Lastauskienė, E., Šiugždinienė, R., Klimienė, I., Mockeliūnas, R., & Bartkienė, E. (2021). Microbial and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Microbiota in Common Carps (Cyprinus carpio) from Aquacultured and Wild Fish Populations. Animals (Basel), 11(4), 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11040929 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DBVUKD
Sha, H., Li, L., Lu, J., & Xiong, J. (2022). High nutrient induces virulence in the AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, interpretation from the ecological assembly of shrimp gut microbiota. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 127, 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.016 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XWWKDA
Sheng, Y., Ren, H., Limbu, S. M., Sun, Y., Qiao, F., Zhai, W., Du, Z-Y., & Zhang, M. (2018). The presence or absence of intestinal microbiota affects lipid deposition and related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01124
Sumon, M.A.A., Sumon, T.A., Hussain, M.A., Lee, S.J., Jang, W.J., Sharifuzzaman, S.M., Brown, C.L., Lee, E.W., & Hasan, M.T. (2022). Single and multi-strain probiotics supplementation in commercially prominent finfish aquaculture: Review of the current knowledge. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32(6), 681-698. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2202.02032 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VMRZMD
Xie, M., Hao, Q., Xia, R., Olsen, R.E., Ringø, E., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Ran, C., & Zhou, Z. (2022). Nuclease-treated stabilized fermentation product of Cetobacterium somerae improves growth, non-specific immunity, and liver health of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 918327. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.918327 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RZGDAW
Xie, M., Xie, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, W., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Olsen, R.E., Ringø, E., Ran, C., & Zhou, Z. (2022). Stabilized fermentation product of Cetobacterium somerae improves gut and liver health and antiviral immunity of zebrafish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 120, 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.017 EDN: HCLRTI
Yang, S., Du, J., Luo, J., Zhou, Y., Long, Y., Xu, G., Zhao, L., Du, Z., & Yan, T. (2019). Effects of different diets on the intestinal microbiota and immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Applied Microbiology, 127(5), 1327-1338. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14405
Yu, Z., Hao, Q., Liu, S.B., Zhang, Q.S., Chen, X.Y., Li, S.H., Ran, C., Yang, Y.L., Teame, T., Zhang, Z., & Zhou, Z.G. (2023). The positive effects of postbiotic (SWF concentration®) supplemented diet on skin mucus, liver, gut health, the structure and function of gut microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diet. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 135, 108681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108681 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YNHNRW
Zhang, Y., Zhang, P., & Li, Y. (2022). Gut microbiota-mediated ferroptosis contributes to mercury exposure-induced brain injury in common carp. Metallomics, 14(1), mfab072. https://doi.org/10.1093/mtomcs/mfab072 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XAHKCP
Zhou, W., Xie, M., Xie, Y., Liang, H., Li, M., Ran, C., & Zhou, Z. (2022). Effect of dietary supplementation of Cetobacterium somerae XMX-1 fermentation product on gut and liver health and resistance against bacterial infection of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 124, 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.019 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JXUYTN
Copyright (c) 2025 Elena P. Miroshnikova, Elena V. Yausheva, Azamat E. Arinzhanov, Yulia V. Kilyakova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
