EXPLORING MULTIFACETED APPROACHES IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: INTEGRATING GUT MICROBIOME, DIET, AND ADAPTOGENS
Abstract
Background. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a complex neurodevelopmental condition, exhibits diverse social, communication, and behavioural features. Exploring genetic, environmental, and physiological factors reveals the heterogeneous nature of ASD. Recent research delves beyond traditional aspects, highlighting the roles of the gut microbiome, dietary influences, and adaptogens in understanding and managing ASD.
Materials and methods. This review integrates evidence from neuroscience, microbiology, and nutritional science, analysing peer-reviewed studies and clinical trials. The objective is to elucidate mechanisms, assess dietary interventions, and explore adaptogen research in ASD.
Results. The gut-brain axis, emphasizing microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, influences neurodevelopment. Dietary interventions, including gluten-free, casein-free, mediterranean and ketogenic diets, modulate the gut microbiome and address specific ASD behaviors. Novel adaptogen exploration hints at stress response modulation and neuroprotection.
Conclusion. This review underscores intricate ASD connections, suggesting adaptogens as alternative therapeutics. Challenges in standardizing methodologies persist. Collaborative efforts are vital for navigating ASD heterogeneity and advancing personalized, holistic approaches. Unraveling complexities offers hope for targeted interventions and improved outcomes in ASD individuals.
Funding. This work was supported by ITMO NIRMA, grant no. 623093.
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References
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Mozaffarian D., Rosenberg I., Uauy R. History of modern nutrition science—implications for current research, dietary guidelines, and food policy // BMJ. 2018, 361, k2392. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2392
Pakpoor J., Seminatore B., Graves J. S., Schreiner T., Waldman A. T., Lotze T. E., ... & Oh J. Dietary factors and pediatric multiple sclerosis: A case-control study // Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 2018, vol. 24(13), pp. 1733-1740. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517713343
Panossian A., Wikman G. Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress—protective activity // Pharmaceuticals, 2009, vol. 2(3), pp. 188-224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph2030188
Panossian A., Wikman G. Evidence-based efficacy of adaptogens in fatigue, and molecular mechanisms related to their stress-protective activity // Current Clinical Pharmacology, 2009, vol. 4(3), pp. 198-219. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488409789375311
Potoroko I.Yu., Berebin M.A., Kalinina I.V., Ivanova D.G., Kiselova-Kaneva Y. Plant adaptogens in specialized food products as a Factor of homeostatic regulation involving microbiota // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2018. №2. C. 97-108. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm180209
Thursby E., Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota // Biochemical Journal, 2017, vol. 474(11), pp. 1823-1836. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160510
Wang L., Christophersen C. T., Sorich M. J., Gerber J. P., Angley M. T., Conlon M. A. Elevated fecal short chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in children with autism spectrum disorder // Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 2012; vol. 57(8), pp. 2096-2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2167-7
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