Glandular trichomes, their diversity, quantity and antibacterial activity of essential oil in some representatives of the Lamiaceae family
Abstract
Background. The flora of Tatarstan includes 55 species of herbaceous plants from the Lamiaceae family, of which only five are recommended for use in official medicine, while the rest are considered promising for inclusion in the pharmacopeial category. Non-pharmacopeial species of such genera as Betonica, Salvia, Stachys, Clinopodium, Lamium are distributed sporadically in the vegetation cover of the region, some are dominant and codominant in plant communities, which makes them available for collection and harvesting. There is no data on the diversity and distribution of glandular trichomes in the aerial organs of plants, as well as the quantitative content of essential oil. In recent years, interest in the biological activity of essential oils has increased, which suggests their potential use as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics in various fields of application, including food preservation and pharmaceuticals.
Purpose – to assess the diversity, micromorphology and functioning of glandular trichomes in Betonica officinalis L., Clinopodium vulgare L., Lamium maculatum L., Salvia verticillate L., S. tesquicola Klok. & Pobed., and Stachys sylvatica L. (Lamiaceae) to evaluate their resource significance under natural growth conditions in the Republic of Tatarstan.
Materials and methods. The objects of the study were summer-green long-rhizome perennial herbs that are part of nemoral forests (Stachys sylvatica, Lamium maculatum), meadow and meadow-steppe phytocenoses (Salvia verticillate, S. tesquicola, Betonica officinalis) and forest edge ecotones (Clinopodium vulgare). Plants for microscopic and biochemical studies were collected in the southwest of the Republic of Tatarstan during their full flowering stage during the vegetation periods of 2022-2023. Microscopic studies were carried out using optical microscopy, scanning and transmission microscopy. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation for 3 hours, and its biological activity was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) following the EUCAST recommendations.
Results. Five types of glandular trichomes were found in the epidermis of stems, leaves and sepals of the studied species. Their greatest typological diversity (4 types) was found in Salvia tesquicola and S. verticillate. We have described for the first time, short trichomes with a single-celled ellipsoid head (c1a type) and long trichomes with a 6-cell head (c3 type) in the epidermis of various organs of Clinopodium vulgare, in the epidermis of the stems of Stachys sylvatica and Betonica officinalis we identified short trichomes with a head of three to four secreting cells (c1b type), long trichomes with a 1-4-cell head (c2 type) and long c3 type trichomes, in addition, in epidermis of the aerial organs of Lamium maculatum – peltate trichomes (p). The localization and density of glandular trichomes of various types in the composition of certain plant organs has been established. It was revealed that Clinopodium vulgare is characterized by a high frequency of c1a trichomes, Salvia verticillate and S. tesquicola – c2 trichomes, Stachys sylvatica – c3 type trichomes.
The highest yield of essential oil (0.38-0.37%) from the aerial organs of plants was observed in Salvia verticillata and Clinopodium vulgare, while the lowest yield (0.13-0.15%) was recoeded in Stachys sylvatica and Salvia tesquicola. The essential oil extracted from Clinopodium vulgare has the best antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.25 and 0.125%, respectively. The essential oil extracted from Stachys sylvatica also demonstrated antibacterial activity at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5%, respectively.
Conclusion. The study of the micromorphology and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in 5 plant species from the Lamiaceae family growing in natural phytocenoses in the Republic of Tatarstan has allowed us to expand the existing data on the trichomes of these species, which is of great importance for the systematics and identification of these taxa, as well as for determining regional features of the functioning of excretory structures.
The highest production of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial organs of plants was characteristic of Salvia verticillata and Clinopodium vulgare, while the lowest productivity was characteristic of Stachys sylvatica and Salvia tesquicola. Essential oil extracted from Clinopodium vulgare has the best antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in minimal inhibitory concentrations. Therefore, the raw materials of Salvia verticillata and Clinopodium vulgare can be recommended for applied use due to the high quantitative values and qualitative characteristics of the essential oil produced in the glandular trichomes of the epidermis of aerial organs.
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References
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Grujic Jovanovic, S., & Skaltsa, H. D., Marin, P., & Sokovic, M. (2004). Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of six Stachys species from Serbia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 19(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1275
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Hou, T., Sana, S. S., Li, H., Xing, Y., Nanda, A., Netala, V. R., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Essential oils and their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity applications: A review. Food Bioscience, 47, 101716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101716. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IAYATM
Kılıç, Ö., Kutlu, M. A., & Özdemir, F. A. (2017). Essential oil composition of Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. arundanum (Boiss.) Nyman from Bingöl (Turkey). International Journal of Secondary Metabolism, 4(3), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.356245
Krstic, L., Malencic, D., & Anackov, G. (2006). Structural investigations of trichomes and essential oil composition of Salvia verticillata. Botanica Helvetica, 116, 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-006-0767-6. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YQVTNQ
Lazarević, J. S., Ðorđević, A. S., Kitić, D. V., Zlatković, B. K., & Stojanović, G. S. (2013). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. (Lamiaceae). Chemical Biodiversity, 10(7), 1335–1349. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200332
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Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H., Mahzooni Kachapi, S., & Halimi’Jelodar, S. (2015). Study of chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl., Salvia verticillata L., and Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz Bip. on some microbial lineages. International Journal of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 4(3), 197–206.
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