Experimental evaluation of effectiveness of a bioprophylactic complex administered during cadmium chloride exposure combined with physical exercise
Abstract
Background. The level of chemical load remains high. The risk of developing occupational diseases is posed by the combination of exposure to industrial hazards, including chemical pollution, and heavy muscle load. Increasing the body resistance to such adverse impact is an important task for health care systems and the economy. Bioprophylaxis is one of the promising ways to solve this problem.
Purpose. To substantiate the effectiveness of a bioprophylactic complex administered during subchronic cadmium chloride exposure combined with physical exercise in an experiment on rats.
Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats. The animals were exposed to cadmium chloride and had physical exercise with some rats receiving a bioprophylactic complex (BPC). After exposure cessation, we assessed hematological, cytological, histological, and metabolic parameters, as well as the DNA fragmentation coefficient. The statistical data analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test (p<0.05); the results of the metabolomic study were subjected to discriminant analysis and the analysis if variance (ANOVA) (p<0.05).
Results. Test results showed a number of negative post-exposure shifts in hematological, cytological, histological, and metabolomic parameters, as well as an increase in genetic aberrations related to the polysystemic toxicity of cadmium and the ambiguous effect of physical activity on poisoning. Most of the adverse effects were leveled by administration of the BPC.
Conclusion. The protective effect of BPC demonstrated in the experiment indicates its potential to prevent occupational diseases in individuals doing heavy work and being simultaneously exposed to toxicants.
Limitations of the study. The experimental study was conducted on laboratory animals of only one biological species. Cadmium (in the form of its soluble salt – cadmium chloride) was used only in one concentration while muscle load was of only one intensity.
Downloads
References
Кокаев, Р. И., & Брин, В. Б. (2020). Влияние на некоторые водо электролитные и гемодинамические показатели введения кадмия на фоне кальцитонин вызванной модели гипокальциемии. Современные проблемы науки и образования, (1). https://doi.org/10.17513/spno.29568. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JHPMPJ
Майорова, Е. А., & Корнякова, В. В. (2022). Развитие окислительного стресса при физических нагрузках у спортсменов. Научный вестник Омского государственного медицинского университета, 2(2), 17–22. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RWEKAH
Минигалиева, И. А., Рябова, Ю. В., Сутункова, М. П., [и др.]. (2021). Сочетанное действие свинца и физической нагрузки на организм крыс в субхроническом эксперименте. Гигиена и санитария, 100(12), 1404–1411. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-12-1404-1411. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SJNNKH
Минигалиева, И. А., Шабардина, Л. В., Рябова, Ю. В., [и др.]. (2025). Экспериментальное изучение сочетанного действия бензола и физической нагрузки на крыс. Гигиена и санитария, 104(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-1-101-109. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QZVRNE
Минигалиева, И. А., Шабардина, Л. В., Рябова, Ю. В., [и др.]. (2024). Экспериментальное исследование изменения токсических эффектов действия кадмия на фоне физической нагрузки. Гигиена и санитария, 103(8), 895–905. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-8-895-905. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DJJVXN
Привалова, Л. И., Клинова, С. В., Минигалеева, И. А., [и др.]. (2020). Способ повышения устойчивости организма к комбинированному вредному действию свинца и кадмия [Патент РФ № 2712954 С1].
Рябова, Ю. В., Шабардина, Л. В., Кескевич, А. А., [и др.]. (2024). Нейротоксические эффекты сочетанного действия хлорида кадмия и физической нагрузки и протекторное действие биопрофилактических средств. Гигиена и санитария, 103(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-165-171. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/UAPWUT
Сутункова, М. П., Макеев, О. Г., Привалова, Л. И., [и др.]. (2018). Генотоксический эффект воздействия некоторых элементных или элементнооксидных наночастиц и его ослабление комплексом биопротекторов. Медицина труда и промышленная экология, (11), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-11-10-16. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YNKBHF
Ciarrocca, M., Rosati, M. V., Tomei, F., [et al.]. (2015). Correlation between cadmium and blood counts in workers exposed to urban stressor. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 70, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2013.778807
Conroy, M. J., Andrews, R. M., Andrews, S., [et al.]. (2024). LIPID MAPS: update to databases and tools for the lipidomics community. Nucleic Acids Research, 52, D1677–D1682. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad896. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZWDOLZ
El Boshy, M., Ashshi, A., Gaith, M., [et al.]. (2017). Studies on the protective effect of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against cadmium toxicity induced oxidative stress, hepatorenal damage, and immunosuppressive and hematological disorders in rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 12372–12383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8876-x. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CCJAVK
Fantacone, M. L., Lowry, M. B., Uesugi, S. L., [et al.]. (2020). The effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on immune function in healthy older adults: A double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Nutrients, 12(8), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082447. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FHJMFF
Gad El Hak, H. N., & Mohamed, F. H. (2023). Effect of lactoferrin supplement on cadmium chloride induced toxicity to male rats: Toxicopathological, ultrastructural and immunological studies. International Immunopharmacology, 125, 111182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111182. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TMSMDM
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., [et al.]. (2020). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KHDISI
He, Z., Shen, P., Feng, L., [et al.]. (2022). Cadmium induces liver dysfunction and ferroptosis through the endoplasmic stress ferritinophagy axis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 245, 114123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114123. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VOXXZV
Hong, H., Xu, Y., Xu, J., [et al.]. (2021). Cadmium exposure impairs pancreatic β cell function and exaggerates diabetes by disrupting lipid metabolism. Environment International, 149, 106406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106406. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XDAUXP
Ibarra Rodríguez, D., Lizardi Mendoza, J., López Maldonado, E. A., & Oropeza Guzmán, M. T. (2017). Capacity of ‘nopal’ pectin as a dual coagulant flocculant agent for heavy metals removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.087. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YVSTBU
Isoda, H., Motojima, H., Onaga, S., [et al.]. (2014). Analysis of the erythroid differentiation effect of flavonoid apigenin on K562 human chronic leukemia cells. Chemico Biological Interactions, 220, 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2014.07.006. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YEXQED
Kamenova, K., Gluhcheva, Y., Dorkov, P., & Ivanova, J. (2019). Comparative assessment of the effects of meso 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid and salinomycin on spleen function of cadmium exposed mice. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33304–33310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06473-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GSJGRC
Katsnelson, B. A., Makeev, O. H., Kochneva, N. I., [et al.]. (2007). Testing a set of bioprotectors against the genotoxic effect of a combination of ecotoxicants. Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 13, 251–264.
Klinova, S. V., Minigalieva, I. A., Protsenko, Y. L., [et al.]. (2022). Changes in the cardiotoxic effects of lead intoxication in rats induced by muscular exercise. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 4417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084417. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VEGVDM
Kowalczyk, E., Kopff, A., Fijałkowski, P., [et al.]. (2003). Effect of anthocyanins on selected biochemical parameters in rats exposed to cadmium. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 50, 543–548. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2003_3707
Kumar, N. G., Contaifer, D., Madurantakam, P., [et al.]. (2019). Dietary bioactive fatty acids as modulators of immune function: Implications on human health. Nutrients, 11(12), 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122974
Mukhopadhyay, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., Addya, S., Bhattacharya, D. K., [et al.]. (1988). Effects of cadmium treatment in vitro on the antioxidant protection mechanism and activation of human blood platelets. Thrombosis Research, 50, 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(88)90271-X
Nagaraju, R., Kalahasthi, R., Balachandar, R., & Bagepally, B. S. (2022). Cadmium exposure and DNA damage (genotoxicity): A systematic review and meta analysis. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 52(10), 786–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2173557. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BEMBHQ
Omar, E. M., El Sayed, N. S., Elnozahy, F. Y., [et al.]. (2024). Reversal effects of royal jelly and propolis against cadmium induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 202, 1612–1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03775-0. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YIEVZM
Venter, C., Oberholzer, H. M., Bester, J., van Rooy, M. J., [et al.]. (2017). Ultrastructural, confocal and viscoelastic characteristics of whole blood and plasma after exposure to cadmium and chromium alone and in combination: An ex vivo study. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 43, 1288–1300. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481841
Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., & Beyersmann, D. (2003). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology, 192(2–3), 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6
Wishart, D. S., Guo, A., Oler, E., [et al.]. (2022). HMDB 5.0: The Human Metabolome Database for 2022. Nucleic Acids Research, 50, D622–D631. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1062. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RTIFWR
Zamani, M. M., Mortazavi, S. H., & Monajjemzadeh, M., [et al.]. (2021). Protective effect of combined long time administration of selenium and vitamin C on liver and kidney toxicity of cadmium in rats. Iranian Journal of Pathology, 16(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.30699/IJP.2020.135777.2489. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FZFMNM
Zhang, T., Yan, W., Liu, C., [et al.]. (2023). Cadmium exposure promotes ferroptosis by upregulating Heat Shock Protein 70 in vascular endothelial damage of zebrafish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 263, 115241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115241. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/NLDZWI
References
Kokaev, R. I., & Brin, V. B. (2020). The effect on some water electrolyte and hemodynamic parameters of cadmium administration under a calcitonin induced hypocalcemia model. Modern Problems of Science and Education, (1). https://doi.org/10.17513/spno.29568. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JHPMPJ
Mayorova, E. A., & Kornyakova, V. V. (2022). Development of oxidative stress during physical activity in athletes. Scientific Bulletin of Omsk State Medical University, 2(2), 17–22. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RWEKAH
Minigalieva, I. A., Ryabova, Yu. V., Sutunkova, M. P., [et al.]. (2021). Combined effect of lead and physical activity on the rat organism in a subchronic experiment. Hygiene and Sanitation, 100(12), 1404–1411. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-12-1404-1411. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SJNNKH
Minigalieva, I. A., Shabardina, L. V., Ryabova, Yu. V., [et al.]. (2025). Experimental study of the combined effect of benzene and physical activity on rats. Hygiene and Sanitation, 104(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-1-101-109. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QZVRNE
Minigalieva, I. A., Shabardina, L. V., Ryabova, Yu. V., [et al.]. (2024). Experimental investigation of changes in the toxic effects of cadmium under physical activity. Hygiene and Sanitation, 103(8), 895–905. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-8-895-905. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DJJVXN
Privalova, L. I., Klinova, S. V., Minigaleeva, I. A., [et al.]. (2020). Method for increasing the body’s resistance to the combined harmful effects of lead and cadmium [Russian Federation Patent No. 2712954 C1].
Ryabova, Yu. V., Shabardina, L. V., Keskevich, A. A., [et al.]. (2024). Neurotoxic effects of the combined action of cadmium chloride and physical activity and the protective effect of biopreventive agents. Hygiene and Sanitation, 103(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-165-171. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/UAPWUT
Sutunkova, M. P., Makeev, O. G., Privalova, L. I., [et al.]. (2018). Genotoxic effect of exposure to certain elemental or element oxide nanoparticles and its attenuation by a complex of bioprotectors. Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, (11), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-11-10-16. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YNKBHF
Ciarrocca, M., Rosati, M. V., Tomei, F., [et al.]. (2015). Correlation between cadmium and blood counts in workers exposed to urban stressor. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 70, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2013.778807
Conroy, M. J., Andrews, R. M., Andrews, S., [et al.]. (2024). LIPID MAPS: update to databases and tools for the lipidomics community. Nucleic Acids Research, 52, D1677–D1682. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad896. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZWDOLZ
El Boshy, M., Ashshi, A., Gaith, M., [et al.]. (2017). Studies on the protective effect of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against cadmium toxicity induced oxidative stress, hepatorenal damage, and immunosuppressive and hematological disorders in rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 12372–12383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8876-x. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CCJAVK
Fantacone, M. L., Lowry, M. B., Uesugi, S. L., [et al.]. (2020). The effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on immune function in healthy older adults: A double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Nutrients, 12(8), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082447. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FHJMFF
Gad El Hak, H. N., & Mohamed, F. H. (2023). Effect of lactoferrin supplement on cadmium chloride induced toxicity to male rats: Toxicopathological, ultrastructural and immunological studies. International Immunopharmacology, 125, 111182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111182. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TMSMDM
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., [et al.]. (2020). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KHDISI
He, Z., Shen, P., Feng, L., [et al.]. (2022). Cadmium induces liver dysfunction and ferroptosis through the endoplasmic stress ferritinophagy axis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 245, 114123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114123. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VOXXZV
Hong, H., Xu, Y., Xu, J., [et al.]. (2021). Cadmium exposure impairs pancreatic β cell function and exaggerates diabetes by disrupting lipid metabolism. Environment International, 149, 106406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106406. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XDAUXP
Ibarra Rodríguez, D., Lizardi Mendoza, J., López Maldonado, E. A., & Oropeza Guzmán, M. T. (2017). Capacity of ‘nopal’ pectin as a dual coagulant flocculant agent for heavy metals removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.087. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YVSTBU
Isoda, H., Motojima, H., Onaga, S., [et al.]. (2014). Analysis of the erythroid differentiation effect of flavonoid apigenin on K562 human chronic leukemia cells. Chemico Biological Interactions, 220, 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2014.07.006. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YEXQED
Kamenova, K., Gluhcheva, Y., Dorkov, P., & Ivanova, J. (2019). Comparative assessment of the effects of meso 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid and salinomycin on spleen function of cadmium exposed mice. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33304–33310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06473-4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GSJGRC
Katsnelson, B. A., Makeev, O. H., Kochneva, N. I., [et al.]. (2007). Testing a set of bioprotectors against the genotoxic effect of a combination of ecotoxicants. Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 13, 251–264.
Klinova, S. V., Minigalieva, I. A., Protsenko, Y. L., [et al.]. (2022). Changes in the cardiotoxic effects of lead intoxication in rats induced by muscular exercise. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 4417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084417. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VEGVDM
Kowalczyk, E., Kopff, A., Fijałkowski, P., [et al.]. (2003). Effect of anthocyanins on selected biochemical parameters in rats exposed to cadmium. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 50, 543–548. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2003_3707
Kumar, N. G., Contaifer, D., Madurantakam, P., [et al.]. (2019). Dietary bioactive fatty acids as modulators of immune function: Implications on human health. Nutrients, 11(12), 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122974
Mukhopadhyay, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., Addya, S., Bhattacharya, D. K., [et al.]. (1988). Effects of cadmium treatment in vitro on the antioxidant protection mechanism and activation of human blood platelets. Thrombosis Research, 50, 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(88)90271-X
Nagaraju, R., Kalahasthi, R., Balachandar, R., & Bagepally, B. S. (2022). Cadmium exposure and DNA damage (genotoxicity): A systematic review and meta analysis. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 52(10), 786–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2173557. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BEMBHQ
Omar, E. M., El Sayed, N. S., Elnozahy, F. Y., [et al.]. (2024). Reversal effects of royal jelly and propolis against cadmium induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 202, 1612–1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03775-0. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YIEVZM
Venter, C., Oberholzer, H. M., Bester, J., van Rooy, M. J., [et al.]. (2017). Ultrastructural, confocal and viscoelastic characteristics of whole blood and plasma after exposure to cadmium and chromium alone and in combination: An ex vivo study. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 43, 1288–1300. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481841
Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., & Beyersmann, D. (2003). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology, 192(2–3), 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6
Wishart, D. S., Guo, A., Oler, E., [et al.]. (2022). HMDB 5.0: The Human Metabolome Database for 2022. Nucleic Acids Research, 50, D622–D631. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1062. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RTIFWR
Zamani, M. M., Mortazavi, S. H., & Monajjemzadeh, M., [et al.]. (2021). Protective effect of combined long time administration of selenium and vitamin C on liver and kidney toxicity of cadmium in rats. Iranian Journal of Pathology, 16(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.30699/IJP.2020.135777.2489. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FZFMNM
Zhang, T., Yan, W., Liu, C., [et al.]. (2023). Cadmium exposure promotes ferroptosis by upregulating Heat Shock Protein 70 in vascular endothelial damage of zebrafish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 263, 115241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115241. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/NLDZWI
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilzira A. Minigalieva, Lada V. Shabardina, Renata R. Sakhautdinova, Marina P. Sutunkova, Maria S. Unesikhina, Oleg G. Makeyev
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
